Q4 Revenue up 9% year-over-year
Q4 Annual Recurring Revenue up 8% year-over-year
Q4 Subscription Net Retention improved to 107%
FY26 record annual Operating Cash Flow of $168 million and Share Repurchases of $194 million

LiveRamp Enters into Definitive Agreement to be Acquired by Publicis Groupe in All-Cash Transaction with an Equity Value of $2.5 billion

SAN FRANCISCO, May 17, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- LiveRamp^® (NYSE: RAMP), a leading data collaboration platform, today announced its financial results for the quarter and fiscal year ended March 31, 2026.

Q4 Financial Highlights
Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons are to the prior year period.

• Total revenue was $206 million, up 9%.
  
  
• Subscription revenue was $158 million, up 9%.
  
  
• Marketplace & Other revenue was $49 million, up 11%.
  
  
• GAAP gross profit was $146 million, up 11%. GAAP gross margin of 71% expanded by 1 percentage point. Non-GAAP gross profit was $149 million, up 10%. Non-GAAP gross margin of 72% expanded by 1 percentage point.
  
  
• GAAP income from operations was $15 million compared to a loss of $12 million. GAAP operating margin of 7% expanded by 14 percentage points. Non-GAAP operating income was $40 million, up 75%. Non-GAAP operating margin of 20% expanded by 7 percentage points.
  
  
• GAAP and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share was $1.12 and $0.52, respectively. GAAP diluted EPS benefited from the release of deferred tax valuation allowances.
  
  
• Net cash provided by operating activities was $59 million compared to $63 million.
  
  
• Share repurchases in the fourth quarter totaled approximately 2.8 million shares for $76 million.
  
  

Fiscal Year 2026 Financial Highlights
Unless otherwise indicated, all comparisons are to the prior year period.

• Total revenue was $813 million, up 9%.
  
  
• Subscription revenue was $614 million, up 8%.
  
  
• Marketplace & Other revenue was $199 million, up 12%.
  
  
• GAAP gross profit was $575 million, up 9%. GAAP gross margin of 71% was flat. Non-GAAP gross profit was $591 million, up 7%, and non-GAAP gross margin of 73% compressed by 1 percentage point.
  
  
• GAAP Income from operations was $83 million compared to $5 million. GAAP operating margin of 10% expanded by 10 percentage points. Non-GAAP operating income was $182 million, up 34%. Non-GAAP operating margin of 22% expanded by 4 percentage points.
  
  
• GAAP diluted earnings per share was $2.24, and non-GAAP diluted EPS was $2.27. GAAP diluted EPS benefited from the release of deferred tax valuation allowances.
  
  
• Net cash provided by operating activities was $168 million compared to $154 million.
  
  
• Share repurchases in fiscal 2026 totaled approximately 7.1 million shares for $194 million. As of March 31, 2026, there was $262 million in remaining capacity under the recently modified share repurchase authorization that expires on December 31, 2027.
  
  

A reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP results is provided in the schedules in this press release.

Commenting on the results, CEO Scott Howe said: “We finished FY26 on a strong note, with Q4 revenue and operating income ahead of consensus and ARR growth accelerating sequentially. We also achieved record operating cash flow in FY26, and returned over 100% to shareholders through buybacks. We continue to leverage AI to make our platform faster, more effective and easier to use, including the recent introduction of AI agent accessibility, enabling specialized AI agents to autonomously collaborate with any partner.”

Howe continued: “In addition, we announced an agreement to be acquired by Publicis Groupe, delivering significant and certain value to LiveRamp shareholders. This transaction reflects the strength of our business, the value of our platform and the strategic role LiveRamp plays in an AI-driven market. Together, we believe we can accelerate data collaboration and the delivery of AI capabilities that help customers and partners advance agentic transformation and derive more value, faster.”

GAAP and Non-GAAP Results

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ended March 31, 2026 ($ in millions, except per share amounts):

		GAAP								Non-GAAP
		Q4 FY26				FY26				Q4 FY26				FY26
Subscription revenue		$	158			$	614				--				--
YoY change %			9	%			8	%			--				--
Marketplace & Other revenue		$	49			$	199				--				--
YoY change %			11	%			12	%			--				--
Total revenue		$	206			$	813				--				--
YoY change %			9	%			9	%			--				--
Gross profit		$	146			$	575			$	149			$	591
% Gross margin			71	%			71	%			72	%			73	%
YoY change, pts		1 pt				0 pts				1 pt				(1) pt
Operating income		$	15			$	83			$	40			$	182
% Operating margin			7	%			10	%			20	%			22	%
YoY change, pts		14 pts				10 pts				7 pts				4 pts
Net earnings		$	71			$	146			$	33			$	148
Diluted earnings per share		$	1.12			$	2.24			$	0.52			$	2.27
Shares to calculate diluted EPS			63.4				65.0				63.4				65.0
YoY change %		(4)%				(2)%				(6)%				(4)%
Operating cash flow		$	59			$	168
Free cash flow										$	59			$	166
Totals and year-over-year changes may not reconcile due to rounding.

A detailed discussion of our non-GAAP financial measures and a reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP results is provided in the schedules to this press release.

Additional Business Highlights & Metrics

• We announced the launch of new AI capabilities to help transform how marketers plan, execute, measure, and optimize campaigns agentically. We introduced agent-powered access to the LiveRamp platform, enabling specialized AI agents to autonomously collaborate with any partner, moving from manual, fragmented workflows to intelligent, governed execution that delivers better performance (link).
  
  
• We announced native support for NVIDIA AI infrastructure, upgrading our clean room architecture to handle the world’s most advanced and compute-intensive AI workloads. AI partners and brands can now securely and seamlessly train and deploy sophisticated models using LiveRamp clean rooms or via the LiveRamp Marketplace at up to 15x speed, without exposing data or model weights (link).
  
  
• We announced an expanded partnership with Unity, a leading game engine, to help marketers more effectively reach mobile users and generate better marketing returns. The partnership will make LiveRamp’s durable, interoperable identifier – RampID – available across Unity Exchange, enabling marketers, agencies, and platforms to apply identity-based buying strategies within Unity’s mobile ecosystem that includes 2.9 billion monthly active mobile devices (link).
  
  
• In March we hosted our annual customer and partner conference, RampUp, bringing together more than 2,300 leaders from across the digital advertising ecosystem. The event included more than 40 presentations and panels featuring some of our largest customers and partners, such as General Motors, JPMorgan Chase, Netflix, and Meta. Video replays of these sessions are available here. Also, we hosted an investor presentation that can be accessed here.
  
  
• On February 12, 2026 we announced an increase in our share repurchase authorization by $200 million and extended the expiration by one year to December 31, 2027. As of March 31, 2026, there was $262 million in remaining capacity under the authorization.
  
  
• On February 11, 2026 we appointed to our Board of Directors Kristi Argyilan, who currently serves as Global Head of Advertising at Uber. Widely recognized as the pioneer of retail media, Argyilan previously led the Albertsons Media Collective and championed the industry-wide move toward measurement standardization (link).
  
  
• LiveRamp ended the fiscal year with 133 customers whose annualized subscription revenue exceeds $1 million, compared to 128 in the prior year period.
  
  
• LiveRamp ended the fiscal year with 846 direct subscription customers, compared to 840 in the prior year period.
  
  
• Subscription net retention was 107% and platform net retention was 108%.
  
  
• Annualized recurring revenue (ARR), which is the last month of the quarter fixed subscription revenue annualized, was $545 million, up 8% compared to the prior year period.
  
  
• Current remaining performance obligations (CRPO), which is contracted and committed revenue expected to be recognized over the next 12 months, was $518 million, up 10% compared to the prior year period.
  
  

Transaction with Publicis Groupe

In a separate press release issued today, LiveRamp announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired by Publicis Groupe. Under the terms of the agreement, Publicis Groupe will acquire all of the outstanding shares of LiveRamp for $38.50 per share in an all-cash transaction for an equity value of $2.5 billion. This represents a premium of 30% to LiveRamp’s closing stock price on May 15, 2026, the last full trading day prior to the transaction announcement. The transaction is expected to close by the end of calendar 2026, subject to customary closing conditions, including approval by LiveRamp shareholders. The transaction press release is available on the LiveRamp investor relations website.

Given the announced transaction, LiveRamp will not host its previously scheduled earnings conference call or provide financial guidance in conjunction with this earnings release.

About LiveRamp

LiveRamp is a leading data collaboration technology company, empowering marketers and media owners to deliver and measure marketing performance everywhere it matters. LiveRamp’s data collaboration network seamlessly unites data across advertisers, ad tech platforms, publishers, data providers, and commerce media networks—unlocking insights that deliver transformational consumer experiences, and drive measurable business outcomes. As consumers embrace AI-powered experiences, the LiveRamp data collaboration network expands the breadth and accuracy of the data on which marketing AI capabilities operate. Our platform is engineered for AI agent accessibility, facilitating autonomous data collaboration between the specialized AI agents utilized by our customers and partners. Built on a foundation of strict neutrality, interoperability, and global scale, LiveRamp enables organizations to maximize the value of their data while accelerating business growth.

LiveRamp is headquartered in San Francisco, California, with offices worldwide. Learn more at LiveRamp.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This communication contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of, and subject to the protections of, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, concerning LiveRamp, Publicis, the proposed transaction and other matters. Forward-looking statements contained herein could include, among other things, statements regarding the anticipated timing of the consummation of the proposed transaction; statements about management’s confidence in and strategies for performance of the combined businesses; expectations for new and existing products, technologies and opportunities; and expectations regarding growth, sales, cash flows, and earnings. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of such terms as “may,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “likely,” “estimate,” “outlook,” “plan,” “contemplate,” “project,” “target” or other comparable terms. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. Actual results may differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside the control of LiveRamp or Publicis. Many factors could cause actual future events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements in this communication including, but not limited to: economic uncertainties that could impact LiveRamp or LiveRamp’s suppliers, customers and partners, geopolitical circumstances, including risk related to tariffs and other trade restrictions, the possibility of a recession, general inflationary pressure and high interest rates; the ability and willingness of LiveRamp’s customers to renew their agreements with LiveRamp upon their expiration; LiveRamp’s ability to add new customers and upsell within LiveRamp’s subscription business; LiveRamp’s reliance upon partners, including data suppliers, who may withdraw or withhold data from LiveRamp; increased competition and rapidly changing technology that could impact LiveRamp’s products and services; LiveRamp’s ability to keep up with rapidly changing technology practices in LiveRamp’s products and services or that expected benefits from utilization of technological innovations (including AI) may not be realized as soon as expected or at all; the risk that LiveRamp fails to realize the potential benefits of or have difficulty integrating acquired businesses; and LiveRamp’s inability to attract, motivate and retain talent. Additional risks include maintaining LiveRamp’s culture and LiveRamp’s ability to innovate and evolve while operating in a hybrid work environment, with some employees working remotely at least some of the time within a rapidly changing industry, while also avoiding disruption from reductions in LiveRamp’s current workforce as well as disruptions resulting from acquisition, divestiture and other activities affecting LiveRamp’s workforce. LiveRamp’s global workforce strategy could possibly encounter difficulty and not be as beneficial as planned. LiveRamp’s international operations are also subject to risks, including the performance of third parties as well as impacts from war and civil unrest, that may harm LiveRamp’s business. The risk of a significant breach of the confidentiality of the information or the security of LiveRamp’s or LiveRamp’s customers’, suppliers’, or other partners’ data and/or computer systems, or the risk that LiveRamp’s current insurance coverage may not be adequate for such a breach, that an insurer might deny coverage for a claim or that such insurance will continue to be available to LiveRamp on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, could be detrimental to LiveRamp’s business, reputation and results of operations. Other business risks include unfavorable publicity and negative public perception about LiveRamp’s industry; interruptions or delays in service from data center or cloud hosting vendors LiveRamp relies upon; and LiveRamp’s dependence on the continued availability of third-party data hosting and transmission services. LiveRamp’s clients’ ability to use data on LiveRamp’s platform could be restricted if the industry’s use of third-party cookies and tracking technology declines due to technology platform changes, regulation or increased user controls. Continued changes in the judicial, legislative, regulatory, accounting, cultural and consumer environments affecting LiveRamp’s business, including but not limited to litigation, investigations, legislation, regulations and customs at the state, federal and international levels relating to information collection and use represents a risk, as well as changes in tax laws and regulations that are applied to LiveRamp’s customers which could cause enterprise software budget tightening. In addition, third parties may claim that LiveRamp is infringing their intellectual property or may infringe LiveRamp’s intellectual property which could result in competitive injury and / or the incurrence of significant costs and draining of LiveRamp’s resources. Factors that could cause actual future events to differ materially from the forward looking-statements in this communication in regard to the proposed transaction concerning LiveRamp and Publicis include, but are not limited to: (1) failure of the closing conditions in the merger agreement to be satisfied, or any unexpected delay in closing the proposed transaction or the occurrence of any event, change, or other circumstance that could give rise to the right of one or multiple of the parties to terminate the definitive agreement between Publicis and LiveRamp; (2) the possibility that the transaction does not close when expected or at all because required regulatory, shareholder, or other approvals are not received or satisfied on a timely basis or at all; (3) the possibility that the transaction may be more expensive to complete than anticipated, including as a result of unexpected factors or events, including those resulting from the announcement, pendency or completion of the transaction; (4) risks that the new businesses will not be integrated successfully or that the combined companies will not realize estimated cost savings, value of certain tax assets, synergies and growth or that such benefits may take longer to realize than expected; (5) failure to realize anticipated benefits of the combined operations; (6) risks relating to unanticipated costs of integration; (7) ability to hire and retain key personnel; (8) ability to successfully integrate the companies’ businesses; (9) the potential impact of announcement or consummation of the proposed transactions on relationships with third parties, including clients, employees and competitors, including reputational risk; (10) ability to attract new clients and retain existing clients in the manner anticipated; (11) reliance on and integration of information technology systems; (12) suffering reduced profits or losses as a result of intense competition; or (13) potential litigation that may be instituted against LiveRamp or its directors or officers related to the proposed transaction or the merger agreement. The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive. You should carefully consider the foregoing factors and the other risks and uncertainties that affect the parties’ businesses, including those described in LiveRamp’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2025, in Part I “Cautionary Statements Relevant to Forward-Looking Information” and Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” as updated by subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, which are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and those described in documents Publicis has filed with the Autorité des Marchés Financiers (the French securities regulator). The parties do not undertake, nor do they have, any obligation to provide updates or to revise any forward-looking statements.

NO OFFER OR SOLICITATION

This communication does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or a solicitation of any vote or approval, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such jurisdiction. No offer of securities shall be made except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and applicable regulations.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND WHERE TO FIND IT

In connection with the proposed transaction, LiveRamp Holdings, Inc. will be filing documents with the SEC, including preliminary and definitive proxy statements relating to the proposed transaction (the “proxy statement”). The definitive proxy statement will be mailed to LiveRamp’s shareholders in connection with the proposed transaction. BEFORE MAKING ANY VOTING DECISION, INVESTORS AND SECURITY HOLDERS ARE URGED TO READ THE PRELIMINARY AND DEFINITIVE PROXY STATEMENTS AND ANY OTHER DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED WITH THE SEC IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION OR INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THE PROXY STATEMENT WHEN THEY BECOME AVAILABLE BECAUSE THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROPOSED TRANSACTION. Any vote in respect of resolutions to be proposed at LiveRamp’s shareholder meeting to approve the proposed transaction should be made only on the basis of the information contained in LiveRamp’s proxy statement and documents incorporated by reference therein. Investors and security holders may obtain free copies of these documents (when they are available) and other related documents filed with the SEC at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or on LiveRamp’s website at www.liveramp.com.

PARTICIPANTS IN THE SOLICITATION

Publicis, LiveRamp and their respective directors and certain of their respective executive officers may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies from the shareholders of LiveRamp in respect of the proposed transactions contemplated by the proxy statement. Information regarding the persons who are, under the rules of the SEC, participants in the solicitation of the shareholders of LiveRamp in connection with the proposed transaction, including a description of their direct or indirect interests, by security holdings or otherwise, will be set forth in the proxy statement when it is filed with the SEC. Information about the directors and executive officers of LiveRamp and their ownership of shares of LiveRamp common stock and other securities of LiveRamp can be found in the sections entitled “Nominees and Continuing Directors,” “Stock Ownership,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Tables,” and “Non-Employee Director Compensation” included in LiveRamp’s proxy statement in connection with its 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, filed with the SEC on June 27, 2025; in the Form 3 and Form 4 initial statements of beneficial ownership and statements of changes in beneficial ownership filed with the SEC by LiveRamp’s directors and executive officers; and in other documents subsequently filed by LiveRamp with the SEC, including LiveRamp’s proxy statement relating to the proposed transaction when it becomes available. Investors and security holders may obtain free copies of these documents and other related documents filed with the SEC at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or on LiveRamp’s website at www.liveramp.com.

The financial information set forth in this press release reflects estimates based on information available at this time.

LiveRamp assumes no obligation and does not currently intend to update these forward-looking statements.

To automatically receive LiveRamp financial news by email, please visit www.LiveRamp.com and subscribe to email alerts.

For more information, contact:
LiveRamp Investor Relations
Investor.Relations@LiveRamp.com

LiveRamp^? and RampID^™ and all other LiveRamp marks contained herein are trademarks or service marks of LiveRamp, Inc. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
		For the three months ended March 31,
								$		%
		2026			2025			Variance		Variance
Revenues		206,092			188,724			17,368		9.2	%
Cost of revenue		60,548			57,929			2,619		4.5	%
Gross profit		145,544			130,795			14,749		11.3	%
% Gross margin		70.6	%		69.3	%
Operating expenses
Research and development		37,756			45,926			(8,170	)	(17.8	)%
Sales and marketing		56,192			56,961			(769	)	(1.4	)%
General and administrative		32,988			32,175			813		2.5	%
Gains, losses and other items, net		3,315			7,241			(3,926	)	(54.2	)%
Total operating expenses		130,251			142,303			(12,052	)	(8.5	)%
Income (loss) from operations		15,293			(11,508	)		26,801		N/A
% Margin		7.4	%		(6.1	)%
Total other income, net		3,967			4,762			(795	)	(16.7	)%
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		19,260			(6,746	)		26,006		N/A
Income tax benefit		(50,476	)		(479	)		(49,997	)	(10,437.8	)%
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		69,736			(6,267	)		76,003		N/A
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		1,176			—			1,176		N/A
Net earnings (loss)		70,912			(6,267	)		77,179		1,231.5	%
Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		1.12			(0.10	)		1.21		N/A
Discontinued operations		0.02			—			0.02		N/A
Basic earnings (loss) per share		1.14			(0.10	)		1.23		N/A
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		1.10			(0.10	)		1.20		N/A
Discontinued operations		0.02			—			0.02		N/A
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		1.12			(0.10	)		1.21		N/A
Basic weighted average shares		62,382			65,957
Diluted weighted average shares		63,382			65,957
Some totals may not sum due to rounding.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
		For the twelve months ended March 31,
								$		%
		2026			2025			Variance		Variance
Revenues		812,940			745,580			67,360		9.0	%
Cost of revenue		238,117			215,910			22,207		10.3	%
Gross profit		574,823			529,670			45,153		8.5	%
% Gross margin		70.7	%		71.0	%
Operating expenses
Research and development		148,139			176,668			(28,529	)	(16.1	)%
Sales and marketing		205,647			213,106			(7,459	)	(3.5	)%
General and administrative		132,581			126,499			6,082		4.8	%
Gains, losses and other items, net		4,990			7,993			(3,003	)	(37.6	)%
Total operating expenses		491,357			524,266			(32,909	)	(6.3	)%
Income from operations		83,466			5,404			78,062		1,444.5	%
% Margin		10.3	%		0.7	%
Total other income, net		14,598			17,436			(2,838	)	(16.3	)%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes		98,064			22,840			75,224		329.4	%
Income tax expense (benefit)		(46,712	)		25,342			(72,054	)	N/A
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		144,776			(2,502	)		147,278		N/A
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		1,176			1,688			(512	)	(30.3	)%
Net earnings (loss)		145,952			(814	)		146,766		18,030.2	%
Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		2.26			(0.04	)		2.30		N/A
Discontinued operations		0.02			0.03			(0.01	)	(28.1	)%
Basic earnings (loss) per share		2.28			(0.01	)		2.29		N/A
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations		2.23			(0.04	)		2.26		N/A
Discontinued operations		0.02			0.03			(0.01	)	(29.2	)%
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		2.24			(0.01	)		2.26		N/A
Basic weighted average shares		64,105			66,126
Diluted weighted average shares		65,045			66,126
Some totals may not sum due to rounding.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP EPS (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
		For the three months ended March 31,						For the twelve months ended March 31,
		2026			2025			2026			2025
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		19,260			(6,746	)		98,064			22,840
Income tax expense (benefit)		(50,476	)		(479	)		(46,712	)		25,342
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		69,736			(6,267	)		144,776			(2,502	)
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		1,176			—			1,176			1,688
Net earnings (loss)		70,912			(6,267	)		145,952			(814	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share		1.14			(0.10	)		2.28			(0.01	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share		1.12			(0.10	)		2.24			(0.01	)
Excluded items:
Purchased intangible asset amortization (cost of revenue)		2,750			3,135			11,000			14,415
Non-cash stock compensation (cost of revenue and operating expenses)		18,930			24,166			82,988			107,979
Restructuring and merger charges (gains, losses, and other)		3,315			7,241			4,990			7,993
Total excluded items from continuing operations		24,995			34,542			98,978			130,387
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and excluding items		44,255			27,796			197,042			153,227
Income tax expense (2)		11,064			7,759			49,261			38,296
Non-GAAP net earnings from continuing operations		33,191			20,037			147,781			114,931
Non-GAAP earnings per share from continuing operations
Basic		0.53			0.30			2.31			1.74
Diluted		0.52			0.30			2.27			1.70
Basic weighted average shares		62,382			65,957			64,105			66,126
Diluted weighted average shares		63,382			67,479			65,045			67,499
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.
(2) Non-GAAP income taxes were calculated by applying the estimated annual effective tax rate to year-to-date pretax income. The differences between our GAAP and non-GAAP effective tax rates were primarily due to the net tax effects of the excluded items, coupled with the valuation allowance and smaller pre-tax income for GAAP purposes.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP INCOME FROM OPERATIONS (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
		For the three months ended March 31,						For the twelve months ended March 31,
		2026			2025			2026			2025
Income (loss) from operations		15,293			(11,508	)		83,466			5,404
Operating income (loss) margin		7.4	%		(6.1	)%		10.3	%		0.7	%
Excluded items:
Purchased intangible asset amortization (cost of revenue)		2,750			3,135			11,000			14,415
Non-cash stock compensation (cost of revenue and operating expenses)		18,930			24,166			82,988			107,979
Restructuring and merger charges (gains, losses, and other)		3,315			7,241			4,990			7,993
Total excluded items		24,995			34,542			98,978			130,387
Income from operations before excluded items		40,288			23,034			182,444			135,791
Non-GAAP operating income margin		19.5	%		12.2	%		22.4	%		18.2	%
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF ADJUSTED EBITDA (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
		For the three months ended March 31,						For the twelve months ended March 31,
		2026			2025			2026			2025
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		69,736			(6,267	)		144,776			(2,502	)
Income tax expense (benefit)		(50,476	)		(479	)		(46,712	)		25,342
Total other income, net		(3,967	)		(4,762	)		(14,598	)		(17,436	)
Income (loss) from operations		15,293			(11,508	)		83,466			5,404
Depreciation and amortization		3,320			3,803			13,399			17,207
EBITDA		18,613			(7,705	)		96,865			22,611
Other adjustments:
Non-cash stock compensation (cost of revenue and operating expenses)		18,930			24,166			82,988			107,979
Restructuring and merger charges (gains, losses, and other)		3,315			7,241			4,990			7,993
Other adjustments		22,245			31,407			87,978			115,972
Adjusted EBITDA		40,858			23,702			184,843			138,583
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures, the usefulness of these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands)
		March 31,			March 31,			$		%
		2026			2025			Variance		Variance
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		379,547			413,331			(33,784	)	(8.2	)%
Restricted cash		—			595			(595	)	(100.0	)%
Short-term investments		7,500			7,500			—		—	%
Trade accounts receivable, net		212,977			186,169			26,808		14.4	%
Refundable income taxes, net		10,243			9,708			535		5.5	%
Other current assets		42,874			38,886			3,988		10.3	%
Total current assets		653,141			656,189			(3,048	)	(0.5	)%
Property and equipment		23,396			23,813			(417	)	(1.8	)%
Less - accumulated depreciation and amortization		18,246			17,629			617		3.5	%
Property and equipment, net		5,150			6,184			(1,034	)	(16.7	)%
Intangible assets, net		9,167			20,167			(11,000	)	(54.5	)%
Goodwill		502,067			501,756			311		0.1	%
Deferred commissions, net		40,727			44,452			(3,725	)	(8.4	)%
Deferred income taxes		57,873			1,982			55,891		2,819.9	%
Other assets, net		26,052			28,641			(2,589	)	(9.0	)%
		1,294,177			1,259,371			34,806		2.8	%
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Trade accounts payable		129,730			112,271			17,459		15.6	%
Accrued payroll and related expenses		55,063			50,776			4,287		8.4	%
Other accrued expenses		40,280			38,586			1,694		4.4	%
Deferred revenue		39,714			45,885			(6,171	)	(13.4	)%
Total current liabilities		264,787			247,518			17,269		7.0	%
Other liabilities		57,411			62,994			(5,583	)	(8.9	)%
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock		—			—			—		n/a
Common stock		16,183			15,918			265		1.7	%
Additional paid-in capital		2,129,554			2,045,316			84,238		4.1	%
Retained earnings		1,459,310			1,313,358			145,952		11.1	%
Accumulated other comprehensive income		5,640			4,295			1,345		31.3	%
Treasury stock, at cost		(2,638,708	)		(2,430,028	)		(208,680	)	8.6	%
Total stockholders' equity		971,979			948,859			23,120		2.4	%
		1,294,177			1,259,371			34,806		2.8	%

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
		For the three months ended March 31,
		2026			2025
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss)		70,912			(6,267	)
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1,176	)		—
Non-cash operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,320			3,803
Loss on disposal or impairment of assets		8			44
Lease-related impairment and restructuring charges		—			(28	)
Gain on sale of strategic investments		(112	)		(515	)
Loss on marketable equity securities		124			206
Provision for doubtful accounts		696			(453	)
Deferred income taxes		(56,385	)		(496	)
Non-cash stock compensation expense		18,930			24,166
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		4,909			25,187
Deferred commissions		(492	)		46
Other assets		4,314			4,703
Accounts payable and other liabilities		15,915			11,738
Income taxes		4,142			(523	)
Deferred revenue		(6,203	)		969
Net cash provided by operating activities		58,902			62,580
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(289	)		(293	)
Proceeds from sale of strategic investment		112			763
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(177	)		470
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds related to the issuance of common stock under stock and employee benefit plans		103			202
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards		(570	)		(1,026	)
Acquisition of treasury stock		(75,604	)		(25,447	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(76,071	)		(26,271	)
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing operations		(17,346	)		36,779
Cash flows from discontinued operations:
From operating activities		1,176			(798	)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations		1,176			(798	)
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing and discontinued operations		(16,170	)		35,981
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(171	)		580
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(16,341	)		36,561
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		395,888			377,365
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period		379,547			413,926
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net		1,642			558
Cash received for income taxes, net from discontinued operations		(1,863	)		—
Cash received for tenant improvement allowances		—			(870	)
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities		2,492			2,426
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		426			—
Operating lease assets, and related lease liabilities, relinquished in lease terminations		—			(40	)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment remaining unpaid at period end		44			20
Marketable equity securities obtained in disposition of strategic investment		—			652
Excise tax payable on net stock repurchases		690			64

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
		For the twelve months ended March 31,
		2026			2025
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings (loss)		145,952			(814	)
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		(1,176	)		(1,688	)
Non-cash operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		13,399			17,207
Loss on disposal or impairment of assets		148			85
Lease-related impairment and restructuring charges		617			14
Gain on sale of strategic investments		(159	)		(515	)
Loss on marketable equity securities		260			206
Provision for doubtful accounts		1,991			695
Deferred income taxes		(56,272	)		(447	)
Non-cash stock compensation expense		82,988			107,979
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net		(28,345	)		3,547
Deferred commissions		3,725			3,691
Other assets		2,477			2,105
Accounts payable and other liabilities		3,023			3,573
Income taxes		5,437			3,430
Deferred revenue		(6,310	)		14,897
Net cash provided by operating activities		167,755			153,965
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(1,376	)		(1,042	)
Cash paid in acquisitions, net of cash received		(595	)		(1,951	)
Purchases of investments		—			(1,967	)
Proceeds from sales of investments		—			26,989
Proceeds from sale of strategic investment		359			763
Purchases of strategic investments		(3,320	)		(1,400	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		(4,932	)		21,392
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds related to the issuance of common stock under stock and employee benefit plans		8,207			8,833
Shares repurchased for tax withholdings upon vesting of stock-based awards		(13,017	)		(10,331	)
Acquisition of treasury stock		(194,534	)		(101,198	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(199,344	)		(102,696	)
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing operations		(36,521	)		72,661
Cash flows from discontinued operations:
From operating activities		1,176			1,688
Net cash provided by discontinued operations		1,176			1,688
Net cash provided by (used in) continuing and discontinued operations		(35,345	)		74,349
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		966			106
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(34,379	)		74,455
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		413,926			339,471
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period		379,547			413,926
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net from continuing operations		3,963			22,548
Cash received for income taxes, net from discontinued operations		(1,863	)		(2,486	)
Cash received for tenant improvement allowances		—			(2,628	)
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities		9,963			9,798
Operating lease assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		1,173			2,327
Operating lease assets, and related lease liabilities, relinquished in lease terminations		—			(595	)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment remaining unpaid at period end		44			20
Marketable equity securities obtained in disposition of strategic investment		—			652
Excise tax payable on net stock repurchases		1,257			128

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC AND SUBSIDIARIES
CALCULATION OF FREE CASH FLOW (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
			6/30/2024			9/30/2024			12/31/2024			3/31/2025			FY2025				6/30/2025			9/30/2025			12/31/2025			3/31/2026			FY2026
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities			$	(9,328	)	$	55,596		$	45,117		$	62,580		$	153,965			$	(15,821	)	$	57,408		$	67,266		$	58,902		$	167,755
Less:
	Capital expenditures			(226	)		(241	)		(282	)		(293	)		(1,042	)			(336	)		(589	)		(162	)		(289	)		(1,376	)
Free Cash Flow			$	(9,554	)	$	55,355		$	44,835		$	62,287		$	152,923			$	(16,157	)	$	56,819		$	67,104		$	58,613		$	166,379
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
																																		Yr-to-Yr
		FY2025																FY2026																FY2026 to FY2025
		6/30/2024			9/30/2024			12/31/2024			3/31/2025			FY2025				6/30/2025			9/30/2025			12/31/2025			3/31/2026			FY2026				%		$
Revenues			175,961			185,483			195,412			188,724			745,580				194,822			199,829			212,197			206,092			812,940			9.0	%	67,360
Cost of revenue			51,749			51,234			54,998			57,929			215,910				58,319			59,594			59,656			60,548			238,117			10.3	%	22,207
Gross profit			124,212			134,249			140,414			130,795			529,670				136,503			140,235			152,541			145,544			574,823			8.5	%	45,153
% Gross margin			70.6	%		72.4	%		71.9	%		69.3	%		71.0	%			70.1	%		70.2	%		71.9	%		70.6	%		70.7	%
Operating expenses
Research and development			44,118			43,889			42,735			45,926			176,668				39,608			36,952			33,823			37,756			148,139			(16.1	)%	(28,529	)
Sales and marketing			54,175			51,107			50,863			56,961			213,106				51,906			48,685			48,864			56,192			205,647			(3.5	)%	(7,459	)
General and administrative			30,961			31,369			31,994			32,175			126,499				37,345			33,170			29,078			32,988			132,581			4.8	%	6,082
Gains, losses and other items, net			206			397			149			7,241			7,993				423			—			1,252			3,315			4,990			(37.6	)%	(3,003	)
Total operating expenses			129,460			126,762			125,741			142,303			524,266				129,282			118,807			113,017			130,251			491,357			(6.3	)%	(32,909	)
Income (loss) from operations			(5,248	)		7,487			14,673			(11,508	)		5,404				7,221			21,428			39,524			15,293			83,466			1,444.5	%	78,062
% Margin		(3.0)%				4.0	%		7.5	%	(6.1)%				0.7	%			3.7	%		10.7	%		18.6	%		7.4	%		10.3	%
Total other income, net			4,444			4,197			4,033			4,762			17,436				3,709			3,544			3,378			3,967			14,598			(16.3	)%	(2,838	)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes			(804	)		11,684			18,706			(6,746	)		22,840				10,930			24,972			42,902			19,260			98,064			329.4	%	75,224
Income tax expense (benefit)			6,685			9,952			9,184			(479	)		25,342				3,183			(2,448	)		3,029			(50,476	)		(46,712	)		N/A		(72,054	)
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations			(7,489	)		1,732			9,522			(6,267	)		(2,502	)			7,747			27,420			39,873			69,736			144,776			N/A		147,278
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax			—			—			1,688			—			1,688				—			—			—			1,176			1,176			(30.3	)%	(512	)
Net earnings (loss)		$	(7,489	)	$	1,732		$	11,210		$	(6,267	)	$	(814	)		$	7,747		$	27,420		$	39,873		$	70,912		$	145,952			N/A		146,766
Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing Operations			(0.11	)		0.03			0.15			(0.10	)		(0.04	)			0.12			0.42			0.63			1.12			2.26			N/A		2.30
Discontinued Operations			0.00			0.00			0.03			0.00			0.03				0.00			0.00			0.00			0.02			0.02			(28.1	)%	(0.01	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share			(0.11	)		0.03			0.17			(0.10	)		(0.01	)			0.12			0.42			0.63			1.14			2.28			N/A		2.29
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing Operations			(0.11	)		0.03			0.14			(0.10	)		(0.04	)			0.12			0.42			0.62			1.10			2.23			N/A		2.26
Discontinued Operations			0.00			0.00			0.03			0.00			0.03				0.00			0.00			0.00			0.02			0.02			(29.2	)%	(0.01	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share			(0.11	)		0.03			0.17			(0.10	)		(0.01	)			0.12			0.42			0.62			1.12			2.24			N/A		2.26
Basic weighted average shares			66,621			66,294			65,631			65,957			66,126				65,448			65,074			63,517			62,382			64,105
Diluted weighted average shares			66,621			67,309			66,743			65,957			66,126				66,731			65,781			64,285			63,382			65,045
Some earnings (loss) per share amounts may not add due to rounding.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP EXPENSES (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands)
		FY2025																FY2026
		6/30/2024			9/30/2024			12/31/2024			3/31/2025			FY2025				6/30/2025		9/30/2025		12/31/2025		3/31/2026		FY2026
Expenses:
Cost of revenue		$	51,749		$	51,234		$	54,998		$	57,929		$	215,910			58,319		59,594		59,656		60,548		238,117
Research and development			44,118			43,889			42,735			45,926			176,668			39,608		36,952		33,823		37,756		148,139
Sales and marketing			54,175			51,107			50,863			56,961			213,106			51,906		48,685		48,864		56,192		205,647
General and administrative			30,961			31,369			31,994			32,175			126,499			37,345		33,170		29,078		32,988		132,581
Gains, losses and other items, net			206			397			149			7,241			7,993			423		—		1,252		3,315		4,990
Gross profit, continuing operations:			124,212			134,249			140,414			130,795			529,670			136,503		140,235		152,541		145,544		574,823
% Gross margin			70.6	%		72.4	%		71.9	%		69.3	%		71.0	%		70.1	%	70.2	%	71.9	%	70.6	%	70.7	%
Excluded items:
Purchased intangible asset amortization (cost of revenue)			3,846			3,748			3,686			3,135			14,415			2,750		2,750		2,750		2,750		11,000
Non-cash stock compensation (cost of revenue)			1,596			1,499			1,455			1,615			6,165			1,541		1,452		1,033		891		4,917
Non-cash stock compensation (research and development)			10,205			10,920			10,085			10,494			41,704			8,332		6,503		5,634		5,093		25,562
Non-cash stock compensation (sales and marketing)			7,093			7,383			7,278			5,716			27,470			6,014		5,469		5,018		6,419		22,920
Non-cash stock compensation (general and administrative)			9,091			9,266			7,942			6,341			32,640			9,523		7,093		6,446		6,527		29,589
Restructuring charges (gains, losses, and other)			206			397			149			7,241			7,993			423		—		1,252		3,315		4,990
Total excluded items			32,037			33,213			30,595			34,542			130,387			28,583		23,267		22,133		24,995		98,978
Expenses, excluding items:
Cost of revenue			46,307			45,987			49,857			53,179			195,330			54,028		55,392		55,873		56,907		222,200
Research and development			33,913			32,969			32,650			35,432			134,964			31,276		30,449		28,189		32,663		122,577
Sales and marketing			47,082			43,724			43,585			51,245			185,636			45,892		43,216		43,846		49,773		182,727
General and administrative			21,870			22,103			24,052			25,834			93,859			27,822		26,077		22,632		26,461		102,992
Gross profit, excluding items:		$	129,654		$	139,496		$	145,555		$	135,545		$	550,250			140,794		144,437		156,324		149,185		590,740
% Gross margin			73.7	%		75.2	%		74.5	%		71.8	%		73.8	%		72.3	%	72.3	%	73.7	%	72.4	%	72.7	%
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures, the usefulness of these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP EPS (1)
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
		FY2025									FY2026
		6/30/2024		9/30/2024	12/31/2024	3/31/2025		FY2025			6/30/2025	9/30/2025		12/31/2025	3/31/2026		FY2026
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes		(804	)	11,684	18,706	(6,746	)	22,840			10,930	24,972		42,902	19,260		98,064
Income tax expense (benefit)		6,685		9,952	9,184	(479	)	25,342			3,183	(2,448	)	3,029	(50,476	)	(46,712	)
Net earnings (loss) from continuing operations		(7,489	)	1,732	9,522	(6,267	)	(2,502	)		7,747	27,420		39,873	69,736		144,776
Earnings from discontinued operations, net of tax		—		—	1,688	—		1,688			—	—		—	1,176		1,176
Net earnings (loss)		(7,489	)	1,732	11,210	(6,267	)	(814	)		7,747	27,420		39,873	70,912		145,952
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic		(0.11	)	0.03	0.17	(0.10	)	(0.01	)		0.12	0.42		0.63	1.14		2.28
Diluted		(0.11	)	0.03	0.17	(0.10	)	(0.01	)		0.12	0.42		0.62	1.12		2.24
Excluded items:
Purchased intangible asset amortization (cost of revenue)		3,846		3,748	3,686	3,135		14,415			2,750	2,750		2,750	2,750		11,000
Non-cash stock compensation (cost of revenue and operating expenses)		27,985		29,068	26,760	24,166		107,979			25,410	20,517		18,131	18,930		82,988
Restructuring and merger charges (gains, losses, and other)		206		397	149	7,241		7,993			423	—		1,252	3,315		4,990
Total excluded items from continuing operations		32,037		33,213	30,595	34,542		130,387			28,583	23,267		22,133	24,995		98,978
Income from continuing operations before income taxes and excluding items		31,233		44,897	49,301	27,796		153,227			39,513	48,239		65,035	44,255		197,042
Income tax expense		7,371		10,745	12,421	7,759		38,296			9,878	12,060		16,259	11,064		49,261
Non-GAAP net earnings from continuing operations		23,862		34,152	36,880	20,037		114,931			29,635	36,179		48,776	33,191		147,781
Non-GAAP earnings per share from continuing operations
Basic		0.36		0.52	0.56	0.30		1.74			0.45	0.56		0.77	0.53		2.31
Diluted		0.35		0.51	0.55	0.30		1.70			0.44	0.55		0.76	0.52		2.27
Basic weighted average shares		66,621		66,294	65,631	65,957		66,126			65,448	65,074		63,517	62,382		64,105
Diluted weighted average shares		68,463		67,309	66,743	67,479		67,499			66,731	65,781		64,285	63,382		65,045
Some totals may not add due to rounding
(1) This presentation includes non-GAAP measures. Our non-GAAP measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures, and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. For a detailed explanation of the adjustments made to comparable GAAP measures, the reasons why management uses these measures and the material limitations on the usefulness of these measures, please see Appendix A.

APPENDIX A

LIVERAMP HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Q4 FISCAL 2026 FINANCIAL RESULTS

EXPLANATION OF NON-GAAP MEASURES AND OTHER KEY METRICS

To supplement our financial results, we use non-GAAP measures which exclude certain acquisition related expenses, non-cash stock compensation and restructuring charges. We believe these measures are helpful in understanding our past performance and our future results. Our non-GAAP financial measures and schedules are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable GAAP measures and should be read only in conjunction with our consolidated GAAP financial statements. Our management regularly uses these non-GAAP financial measures internally to understand, manage and evaluate our business and to make operating decisions. These measures are among the primary factors management uses in planning for and forecasting future periods. Compensation of our executives is also based in part on the performance of our business based on these non-GAAP measures.

Our non-GAAP financial measures, including non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share, non-GAAP income (loss) from operations, non-GAAP operating income (loss) margin, non-GAAP expenses and adjusted EBITDA reflect adjustments based on the following items, as well as the related income tax effects when applicable:

Purchased intangible asset amortization: We incur amortization of purchased intangibles in connection with our acquisitions. Purchased intangibles include (i) developed technology, (ii) customer and publisher relationships, and (iii) trade names. We expect to amortize for accounting purposes the fair value of the purchased intangibles based on the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets will be consumed as revenue is generated. Although the intangible assets generate revenue for us, we exclude this item because this expense is non-cash in nature and because we believe the non-GAAP financial measures excluding this item provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our operational performance.

Non-cash stock compensation: Non-cash stock compensation consists of charges for employee restricted stock units, performance shares and stock options in accordance with current GAAP related to stock-based compensation including expense associated with stock-based compensation related to unvested options assumed in connection with our acquisitions. As we apply stock-based compensation standards, we believe that it is useful to investors to understand the impact of the application of these standards to our operational performance. Although stock-based compensation expense is calculated in accordance with current GAAP and constitutes an ongoing and recurring expense, such expense is excluded from non-GAAP results because it is not an expense that typically requires or will require cash settlement by us and because such expense is not used by us to assess the core profitability of our business operations.

Restructuring charges: During the past several years, we have initiated certain restructuring activities in order to align our costs in connection with both our operating plans and our business strategies based on then-current economic conditions. As a result, we recognized costs related to termination benefits for employees whose positions were eliminated, lease and other contract termination charges, and asset impairments. These items, as well as third party expenses associated with business acquisitions in the prior years, reported as gains, losses, and other items, net, are excluded from non-GAAP results because such amounts are not used by us to assess the core profitability of our business operations.

Transformation costs: In previous years, we incurred significant expenses to separate the financial statements of our operating segments, with particular focus on segment-level balance sheets, and to evaluate portfolio priorities. Our criteria for excluding transformation expenses from our non-GAAP measures is as follows: 1) projects are discrete in nature; 2) excluded expenses consist only of third-party consulting fees that we would not incur otherwise; and 3) we do not exclude employee related expenses or other costs associated with the ongoing operations of our business. We substantially completed those projects during the third quarter of fiscal year 2018. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018, and through most of fiscal 2019, we incurred transaction support expenses and system separation costs related to the Company's announced evaluation of strategic options for its Marketing Solutions (AMS) business. In the first and second quarters of fiscal 2021 in response to the potential COVID-19 pandemic impact on our business and again during fiscal 2023 in response to macroeconomic conditions, we incurred significant costs associated with the assessment of strategic and operating plans, including our long-term location strategy, and assistance in implementing the restructuring activities as a result of this assessment. Our criteria for excluding these costs are the same. We believe excluding these items from our non-GAAP financial measures is useful for investors and provides meaningful supplemental information.

Our non-GAAP financial schedules are:

Non-GAAP EPS, Non-GAAP Income from Operations, and Non-GAAP expenses: Our Non-GAAP earnings per share, Non-GAAP income from operations, Non-GAAP operating income margin, and Non-GAAP expenses reflect adjustments as described above, as well as the related tax effects where applicable.

Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income from continuing operations before income taxes, other income and expenses, depreciation and amortization, and including adjustments as described above. We use Adjusted EBITDA to measure our performance from period to period both at the consolidated level as well as within our operating segments and to compare our results to those of our competitors. We believe that the inclusion of Adjusted EBITDA provides useful supplementary information to and facilitates analysis by investors in evaluating the Company's performance and trends. The presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net earnings as an indicator of our performance.

Free Cash Flow: To supplement our statement of cash flows, we use a non-GAAP measure of cash flow to analyze cash flows generated from operations. Free cash flow is defined as operating cash flow less capital expenditures. Management believes that this measure of cash flow is meaningful since it represents the amount of money available from continuing operations for the Company's discretionary spending. The presentation of non-GAAP free cash flow is not meant to be considered in isolation or as an alternative to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity.

Source: LiveRamp, Inc.